The most populous country in the world, The People’s Republic of China is today emerginas one of the major global economies. China is infamously known as a country of etiquette and ceremonies. The unique character of the Chinese is built on a strong sense of pride in their ancient history and culture.

Understanding the basic Chinese cultural, ethical and business values is paramount to any organisation wanting to conduct business in today’s rapidly progressing China.

Fact file

• Official name – The People’s Republic of China
• Population – 1.3 billion/1, 298, 847, 624* (July
• 2004 est.) Official Language – 7 main Chinese languages including standard Chinese or Mandarin, Cantonese, and Wu.
• Currency – Yuan (CNY) also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)
• Capital city – Beijing
• GDP – purchasing power parity $6.449 trillion* (2003 est.).
• GDP per capita – purchasing power parity $5,000* (2003 est.).

Chinese culture – Key concepts and values

Guanxi – In literal terms, this central concept in Chinese culture means ‘relationships’ or
‘connections’. Guanxi is a network of elaborate relationships promoting trust and cooperation
and for centuries was the main way of accomplishing everyday tasks. Establishing
a sincere, supportive relationship based on mutual respect is a fundamental aspect of Chinese
culture. In the world of business, possessing the right guanxi is crucial for ensuring the
minimization of difficulties and frustrations that are often encountered.

Mianxi – An important issue that should be considered throughout business interactions with the Chinese is the concept of ‘mianxi’ or ‘face’. Face is a mark of personal pride and forms the basis of an individual’s reputation and social status. In Chinese business culture ‘saving face’, ‘loosing face’ and ‘giving face’ are vital for successful business. Causing someone to loose face through public humiliation or inappropriate allocation of respect to individuals within the organization can seriously damage business discussions. On the other hand, praising someone in moderation before their colleagues is a form of ‘giving face’ and can earn respect, loyalty and aid negotiations.

Keqi – The notion of keqi is based on the amalgamation of two Chinese words, ‘ke’ meaning ‘guest’ and ‘qi’ signifying ‘behaviour’. Together, this cultural concept advocates thoughtful, courteous and refined behaviour. In business terms, it is important to demonstrate humility and modesty as exaggerated claims of ability are viewed with suspicion and are likely to be looked into.

Confucianism – The recognized ethical belief system of Confucianism is based on the teachings and writings of the 6th century BCE philosopher Confucius. Emphasis is placed on the concept of relationships and the elements of responsibility and obligation. This Chinese philosophy remains a vital cultural factor in the development of Chinese society and is still effective in Chinese business culture today in the preservation of surface harmony and collective good.

China has witnessed a history that spans over approximately 5000 years and has experienced periods of communism and Maoism, civil war, invasion and even bankruptcy. Since China first opened its doors to foreign investment and trade in 1978, the country has undergone immense political and economical change. Today, following her 2001 entry into the World trade Organisation, China offers a huge potential market for investment and sales with her main industry generated from iron, steel, coal, textiles, and petroleum. Those organisations venturing into business with China, however, will also need to consider the aspects of Chinese business culture and etiquette in order to fully succeed.

Working practices in China

• When doing business in China, punctuality is considered extremely important. Your Chinese counterparts will not keep you waiting; being on time is essential
• It is rare that the Chinese will deal with people they don’t know or trust. Establishing a proper introduction with your counterparts is vital before entering into business.

Structure and hierarchy in Chinese companies

• The hierarchical structures of Chinese society and business organizations are based on a strict observation of rank where the individual is subordinate to theorganisation.
• People will enter the meeting room in hierarchical order, as the Chinese are very status conscious. Senior members generally lead the negotiations and will direct the discussion.

Working relationships in China

• Long-term relationships are considered more valuable then hurried transactions.
• In Chinese business culture, the warm, hospitable character of your counterpart does not necessarily equal a positive outcome. Trust, based on a beneficial relationship is more important.
• The collectivist way of thinking is still important in Chinese business today and will influence many negotiations.